Hi guys, cik e-ka share
bukan satu, tapi dua set definition list untuk students kimia form 4 & form
5 sekalians, cik e-ka dah arrange to table form lg, so hampa print, lipat tiga,
dah jadi nota poket! mudah kan ? ;) Goodluck semua ~
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Chemistry
Form 4 Definition List
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Element – a substance
consists of one type of atom.
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Compound – a substance
consists two or more elements that are chemically
bonded(molecule or ions).
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Atom – smallest
particle of an element.
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Molecule – a group
of two or more atoms.
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Ion – a positively charged
/ negatively charged particle.
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Isotopes – atoms of the same
element with same proton number but different nucleonnumbers.
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Relative atomic mass of an
element = the average mass of one atom of an element/((1/12) x the mass
of one carbon-12 atom)
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Relative molecular mass of an
element = the average mass of one atom of an
molecule/((1/12) x the mass of one carbon-12 atom)
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Molecule formula – compound
shows the actual number of atoms of each element that are present
in a molecule of the compound
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Empirical formula – compound
shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in
the compound
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Mole – amount of
substance that contains as many particles as the number of atoms inexactly 12
g of carbon-12 the symbol of mole is mol.
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One mole – Avogadro constant
– 6.02 x 1023
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Group (Periodic Table)
– vertical columns of element (similar chemical properties).
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Periods (Periodic Table)
– horizontal rows of element.
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Valence electrons – electrons
that occupy the outermost shell.
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Ionic bond – bond formed
through the transfer of electrons between atoms
of metal andnon-metal to achieve the stable octet electron
arrangement.
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Ionic compound – consist
of positive ions and negative ions which are held
by strong electrostatic forces of attraction.
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Covalent bond – bond formed
through the sharing of non-metal electrons to achieve the
stable duplet or octet electron arrangement.
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Covalent compound (also
simple molecular structure) – consists of neutral molecules which are held by
weak intermolecular forces (Van der Waals).
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Alkali (base) – chemical
substance which ionizes in water to produce hydroxide ions, OH-.
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Acid – chemical substance
which ionizes in water to produce hydrogen ions, H+ or hydroxonium ions,
H3O+.
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pH – degree of acidity or
alkalinity of a solution. Scale ranges from 0 to 14.
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pH value – measure of the
concentration of hydrogen ions, H+.
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Strong alkali – ionises
(dissociates) completely in water to form hydroxide ions,
OH- of high concentration.
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Weak alkali – ionises
(dissociates) partially in water to form hydroxide ions,
OH- of low concentration.
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Strong acid – ionises
(dissociates) completely in water to form hydrogen ions,
H+ of high concentration.
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Weak acid – ionises
(dissociates) partially in water to form hydrogen ions,
H+ of low concentration.
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Polymer – long chain
molecules made up by monomer (repeating unit).
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SPM
Chemistry Form 5 Definition List
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Effective
collision (Collision theory) – collision that results in a
chemical reaction where the particles collide with the correct
orientation and are able to achieve the activation energy.
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Homologous series – organic
compounds (families) with similar formulae and properties.
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Catalyst – a chemical
that alter the rate of reaction.
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Positive
catalyst – increases the rate of reaction
& lower the activation energy.
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Negative
catalyst – decreases the rate of reaction
& higher the activation energy
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Organic compounds –
carbon-containing compound. Carbon atoms form covalent bonds.
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Inorganic compounds –
compounds from non-living things which do not contain the element
carbon.
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Saturated hydrocarbons –
hydrocarbons containing only single bonds between all carbon atoms.
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Unsaturated hydrocarbons –
hydrocarbons containing at least one
carbon-carbon doubleor triple bond.
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Esterification – esters are
produced
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Vulcanisation – process which
makes the natural rubber harder and increases its elasticity by
adding sulphur.
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Redox reaction – chemical
reactions involving oxidation and reduction occurring
simultaneously.
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Flavouring – improve the
taste or smell of food and restore taste loss due to food processing.
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Stabilisers – help to mix two
liquids that usually do not mix together so that they form an emulsion.
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Thickeners – substances that
thicken food and give the food a firm, smooth and uniform texture.
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Precipitation – the heat
change when one mole of a precipitate is formed from their ions in
aqueous solution.
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Displacement – the heat
change when one mole of a metal is displaced from its salt solution
by a more electropositive metal.
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Neutralisation – the heat
change when one mole of water is formed from the reaction between
an acid and an alkali.
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Combustion – the heat change
when one mole of a substance is completely burnt in
oxygen under standard conditions.
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